Social Psychology and the Stanford Prison Experiment by Philip Zimbardo

Social psychology is an empirical science that studies how people think about, influence, and relate to one another. This field focuses on how individuals view and affect one another. Social psychology also produces the idea of construals which represent how a person perceives, comprehends or interprets the environment. Construals introduce the idea that people want to make themselves look good to others and they want to be seen as right. It is also said that the social setting in which people interact impacts behavior, which brings up the idea of behaviorism. Behaviorism is the idea that behavior is a function of the person and the environment. The ideas of social psychology mentioned above can be applied to the Stanford Prison Experiment; in which the environment, the participants, and construals brought about behaviors that may not have been how the participants actually would behave in real life. The Stanford Prison Experiment was conducted in 1971 by Philip Zimbardo of Stanford University. The purpose of the experiment was a landmark study of the human response to captivity, in particular, to the real world circumstances of prison life. In social psychology, this idea is known as â€Å"mundane realism†. Mundane realism refers to the ability to mirror the real world as much as possible, which is just what this study did. Twenty-four subjects were randomly assigned to play the role of "prisoner" or "guard" and they were made to conform to these roles. Subjects became so entranced in these roles that the guards started to behave as if they really were the guards of a true prison. Zimbardo had told them to think of themselves in this way and it led to the guards mentally abusing the prisoners with their cruel and degrading ro... ...ion people based on the orders of Adolf Hitler and his henchmen. In reference to the two situations, one participant of the study said that â€Å"anybody can be a guard, but not every one becomes sadistic.† This saying can be applied to real life situations, especially that of the New Jersey incident. These occurrences can be analyzed using social psychology because the environment, the situation, and those holding the authority influenced the behavior of others. Due to these influences, prisoners and guards acted on the roles they were given, in the way that society sees them. The description, in itself, is the definition of social psychology. Works Cited Ratnesar, Romesh. July/August 2011. The Menace Within. Stanford Magazine, pp. 1-9. Smothers, Ronald. (1998, February 6). Asylum Seekers Testify on Abuse by Jail Guards. The New York Times, pp. 1A, 9A.

The Paradox of Morgan le Fay

In Arthurian legend and Celtic myths, Morgan le Fay takes on a wide range of identities and personas – she is sister, sorceress, wise mother, implacable nemesis, and later, grieving goddess – making her one of the most paradoxical and dynamic characters in lore and literature. Charlotte Spivack notes in Popular Arthurian Traditions that Morgana le Fay, beautiful and nurturing, first appears in the works of Geoffrey of Monmouth, as one of â€Å"the nine sisters of the holy isle of Avalon† (18). In some texts, she is sister or half-sister to the King Arthur, and in other literature, it is he with whom she begets a child, Morgan (Joe). She is a benevolent figure in the earlier British romantic verses, and it is her remarkable healing powers that make her so. In The Grail from Celtic Myth to Christian Symbol, Arthurian scholar Roger Looms notes that â€Å"There is no attribute of Morgan's better authenticated than her power of healing† (161). In later literature, her identity starts to change and she is portrayed as â€Å"a malicious master of the black arts† (Spivack 18). Maureen Fries notes, in â€Å"Female Heroes, Heroines and Counter-Heroes: Images of Women in Arthurian Tradition† that her degeneration in the later retellings of the myths stems from society’s changing outlook, as her traits start as noble skills of a goddess, and then morphs into the destructive magic of witches and sorceresses (13). Her powers and her role center towards the destruction of King Arthur, and she comes up with several elaborate ploys to kill him, all of which fail, not for want of clever and diabolic planning, but of fate, as in the case of the assassin she sent, whose horse trips on a hole (Spivack 31). However, she reverts to her nurturing goddess role, again playing the role of healer and protector to King Arthur, whose fate ultimately leads him, in his final moments, to her grieving care in the isle of Avalon (Fries 13). Although portraying a range of roles and intentions, it is the contradictions of Morgan le Fay that make her resonate in the Arthurian legends. Works Cited Fries, Maureen. â€Å"Female Heroes, Heroines and Counter-Heroes: Images of Women in Arthurian Tradition.† Popular Arthurian Traditions. Ed. Sally K. Slocum. Bowling Green, OH: Popular Press, 1992. Joe, Jimmy. â€Å"Morgan Le Fay.† Timeless Myths: Arthurian Women. 24 June 1999. 03 May 2008. ;http://www.timelessmyths.com/arthurian/women.html#Morgan;. Loomis Roger Sherman. The Grail from Celtic Myth to Christian Symbol. New York: Columbia University Library, 1965. Spivack, Charlotte. â€Å"Morgan le Fay: Goddess or Witch?† The Company of Camelot: Arthurian Characters in Romance and Fantasy. Eds. Charlotte Spivack and Roberta Lynne Staples. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994.

Theodore Roosevelt And The Great Depression - 1203 Words

Each president from Theodore Roosevelt to Herbert Hoover faced his own unique set of situations during their tenure, ranging from railroad regulation to the Great Depression. Though each presidency required different solutions for which the public had to be shaped, through spin, in order to resolve a situation in a manner the president saw fit, some presidents such as William Howard Taft, and Warren G. Harding are not as well known for their use of spin. Due to the varying technological and communicative advancements like the introduction of press conferences and the invention of the radio; and the different events, such as World War I, and the Great Depression that resulted in the change in public perceptions of spin, the extent to which each president used spin changed because the circumstances under which each president had to preside over changed, so each president had to build their presidency off of their predecessor’s successes and failures. After rising to the presidency in the beginning of the Twentieth century, Theodore Roosevelt became the first American president to devote his presidency to galvanizing public opinion. When Roosevelt took office, he did not have the benefit of being able to utilize his successors’ tools such as speechwriters utilized by Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge, or press secretaries utilized by Herbert Hoover. Instead, Roosevelt shaped his image and the public by creating and utilizing new methods of spin, such as â€Å"touring widely,Show MoreRelatedThe New Deal: An Experiment in Liberalism Essay1339 Words   |  6 PagesUnited States economy. However, it was not the sole cause of the Great Depression. The crash further exposed the cracks in America’s apparent prosperity. And, since the causes of the economic crises were complex, the solution to the economic problems facing the United States would be complicated as well. Ready to address the complicated issue of reviving the American economy, as well as its despairing citizenry, was Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Roosevelt’s campaign for the presidency in 1932 pledged vigorousRead MoreGerstle s Historiographical Of Mainstream Americanism1327 Words   |  6 Pagesmuch lesser extent, or even not at all, class and gender). The American Crucible conceptualizes American liberals as well as whiteness scholars’ synthetic historiographical interpretations on mainstream Americanism like Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin Roosevelt- Theodore Roosevelt especially, due the author’s attention to the meaning of the liberal state and liberalism. However, above all that, Gerstle argues that inherent tensions between two powerful types of nationalism- racial and civic- haveRead MoreFranklin D. Roosevelt s President Of The United States1546 Words   |  7 PagesChapter 31-33 Test: Individual Question When Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected to his first term as president of the United States in 1932, America was in a severe depression. When Franklin Roosevelt took office in March of 1933, President Hoover handed the problems of the Great Depression over to Roosevelt. Upon taking office, Franklin Roosevelt issued a bank holiday which forced all banks to close from March 6 to March 10 while he met with Congress to pass the Emergency Banking Act to allow banksRead MoreTeddy Roosevelt And The Development Of The National Parks1353 Words   |  6 Pages Teddy Roosevelt and the development of the National Parks 11/30/2014 Nicholas Wittkopp He was the youngest candidate to become president. He was the leader of the progressive movement. He was our twenty sixth president, he served from 09/14/1901 to 03/4/1909. He was a writer of thirty five books. He was New York s thirty third governor. He was a naturalist. He was a war hero in the Spanish-American War. He was a member of rough riders. He trust busted forty corporations. He madeRead MoreThe Presidency Of The United States1401 Words   |  6 Pagesnineteenth century presidents, such as Abraham Lincoln, wielded great power and significantly influenced the future of the United States, many were really just caretakers eclipsed in prominence by various industrialists and robber barons. The modern American presidency was actually the creation of Theodore and Franklin Roosevelt who by different means expanded and strengthened the office of the President of the United States. The Roosevelt family revolutionized how the United States operated and functionedRead MorePresident Of Government And Political Affairs1130 Words   |  5 Pagestheir performance. The Presidents I have chosen to examine include, Theodore Roosevelt (26th), Franklin D. Roosevelt (32nd), and Harry S. Truman (33rd). All chosen because they all are know for the many things they have done in history, the changes they made during their terms, and the many important choices and decisions they had made. First of all, let s start chronologically with Theodore Roosevelt. When Roosevelt took office in 1901. At only the age of 43, he was at the time the youngestRead MoreEssay on President Theodore Roosevelt1062 Words   |  5 PagesPresident Theodore Roosevelt was the outmost incredible president of our nation. He cared about every aspect of our country. He was remarkable, brilliant, and strong. He brought something different to the table of the presidential legacy. His personality, however was like no other, he was an impossible act to follow. He also was impetuous and did not hesitate to work around the regulations to get what he wanted. With the assassination of President McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt stepped up to becomeRead MoreEssay on The Progressive Era?s influence on the New Deal1349 Words   |  6 Pagesas did its reincarnation and rebirth apparent in the New Deal. Although the first signs of this pristine Progressive movement shone since the mid-1800s, no one had cleared the way for its momentous effect upon the nation in the same degree as Theodore Roosevelt. Although at times hot-tempered and brash, his charismatic attitude pushed forward many of the original progressive legislations. For example, his Sherman Anti-Trust Act proposed the life of a trust should be based on its history and actionsRead MoreFranklin D. Roosevelt : An Effective American President And Leader1509 Words   |  7 PagesPresidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt Thesis: Franklin D. Roosevelt was an effective American president and leader. Franklin D. Roosevelt was a powerful leader and one of the most highly regarded presidents in American history. He connected well with American people, had a strong character, possessed a clear vision for America, had valuable political skills, and could lead people in challenging times. With recent development with radio technology, his democratic views had a great influence and he connectedRead MoreTheodore (‘Teddy’ or T.R.) Roosevelt was born on October 27, 1858 in New York City, New York. Teddy800 Words   |  4 Pages Theodore (‘Teddy’ or T.R.) Roosevelt was born on October 27, 1858 in New York City, New York. Teddy was the second born out of four children in his family. As a child I wouldn’t say he was the healthiest. He suffered from asthma and poor eye sight, which explains his glasses, throughout his childhood. Since he was sick all of the time he didn’t attend school, he was home schooled. His mom and sometimes aunt would be his teacher. His family traveled around Europe, while they were in Europe

Rationalism vs. Empiricism Essay - 1573 Words

Rationalism and empiricism were two philosophical schools in the 17th and 18th centuries, that were expressing opposite views on some subjects, including knowledge. While the debate between the rationalist and empiricist schools did not have any relationship to the study of psychology at the time, it has contributed greatly to facilitating the possibility of establishing the discipline of Psychology. This essay will describe the empiricist and rationalist debate, and will relate this debate to the history of psychology. The debate between rationalist and empiricist philosophers looks at the nature of knowledge, and specifically, how we gain this knowledge. Rationalists and empiricists take opposite, and sometimes mutually exclusive,†¦show more content†¦Philosophical schools were beginning to view ideas in a scientific light, valuing the ability to study them. This was moving closer to allowing for the establishment of a discipline which studied humans scientifically. Another idea postulated by continental rationalist philosophers is Cartesian Dualism: that the mind and body are two separate entities; the body is a biological mechanism hat works like a machine, following laws of nature (Decartes, 1647), while the mind, or soul, is a representation of God. The mind and body interacted, according to this view, in the pineal gland in the brain (Baldwin, 1913). This view was important in the development of science that led to the establishment of psychology, because previously it was not possible to discuss the soul philosophically. However, the dualist view separated human, animal and vegetative souls into a hierarchy, and so humans were still viewed as being beyond the realm of science. A similar idea to the hierarchy of souls was described by Leibniz (1714) in his Monadology, he described a hierarchy of existence, which placed God at the top of the hierarchy, followed by humans, animals, and microbes. Prior to this period in philosophy, to speak of man in this way would have been considered heresy, as it was not acceptable to study or discuss man scientifically. While rationalists argued that humans are born with an innate ability to reason, empiricists held theShow MoreRelatedRationalism Vs Empiricism : Rationalism Versus Empiricism1385 Words   |  6 PagesDolce â€Å"Rationalism vs Empiricism† Today in society, many people are free to follow whichever philosophical view that they feel is right for them. Each philosophical view has a different set of beliefs, and many philosophers went through great lengths to prove that the philosophical view of their choice was the best one. In this paper I will be talking about two philosophical theories. The first one is called Empiricism, and it was made famous by a philosopher named David Hume. Empiricism statesRead More300 - Rationalism vs Empiricism - Summary and History2194 Words   |  9 PagesRationalism vs. Empiricism – History and Summary What is reality really like? A current running through much of the philosophical thinking around the time of Socrates and Plato was that there is a difference between how the world appears and how it is. Our senses reveal one layer of reality but it is our minds that penetrate deeper. The world of appearances is a world in flux but underneath there must be a stable reality. For there is much that is unchanging. We recognise kinds of things – badgersRead MoreCartesian Rationalism Vs. Locke s Empiricism Essay1632 Words   |  7 PagesPHILOSOPHY Introduction to Philosophy Name Institution INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY Cartesian rationalism vs. Locke’s empiricism Rene Descartes was a rationalist who believed that knowledge of the world can be gained by the exercise of pure reason, while empiricist like Locke believed that knowledge of the world came through senses. Descartes from his meditationsRead MoreEssay on Rationalism vs. Empiricism: The Argument for Empricism855 Words   |  4 Pagesepistemology: rationalism and empiricism. These two, very different, schools of thought attempt to answer the philosophical question of how knowledge is acquired. While rationalists believe that this process occurs solely in our minds, empiricists argue that it is, instead, through sensory experience. After reading and understanding each argument it is clear that empiricism is the most relative explanatory position in epistemology. To begin with the question of rationalism versus empiricism, it is importantRead MoreEssay about Rationalism and Empiricism1486 Words   |  6 PagesRationalism and Empiricism Rationalism and Empiricism are most likely the two most famous and intriguing schools of philosophy. The two schools deal specifically with epistemology, or, the origin of knowledge. Although not completely opposite, they are often considered so, and are seen as the Jordan vs. Bird of the philosophy world. The origins of rationalism and empiricism can be traced back to the 17th century, when many important advancements were made in scientific fields such as astronomyRead MoreEmpiricism and Rationalism Essay1020 Words   |  5 Pages(Markie, 2008, section 1.2) Yet, philosophical empiricism is defined in such an absolute way; which causes philosophical empiricism to be an inaccurate philosophical position from which to address all aspects of human life. Philosophical empiricism is defined as â€Å"the belief that all human knowledge arises from sense experience.† (Nash, 1999, page 254) Yet, medical empiricism is so far to the other extreme as to be insulting, while this e mpiricism is still said to be based on all sensory experience;Read MoreEmpiricism in Geography1294 Words   |  6 PagesFor the purpose of this essay I will critically discuss aspects of empiricism and the empirical method and their use in geography. I will discuss these aspects with close reference to a recommended reading for our course by Ward et al (2007). Empiricism is a philosophical idea that experience, which is based on observation and experimentation, is the only source of knowledge. Empiricism believes that the mind is a blank canvas and all knowledge arrives in the mind through the portals that are theRead MoreThe Founding Of The First Laboratory By Wilhelm Wundt Essay797 Words   |  4 Pagesscience should not rely on assumptions instead, it should start with the collection of facts. His stance lead scientists like John Locke and Thomas Reid to promote the fundamental principles of science such as empiricism and rationalism. Empiricism produces factual information w hile rationalism involves the development and elaboration of ideas. In 1881 Dr. Joseph Breuer was able to operate as a scientists and practitioner. However, today s society it is common for an individual to act as a scientistRead MoreNature vs. Nurture in Language Development1678 Words   |  7 PagesArticulated speech, Vocabulary of more than 6000 words and Observe grammar rules. An Average speaker is expected to have; 150 words per minute, 20,000 and 40,000 alternatives and error rates below 0.1%. There are two theories concerning Nature or Rationalism in Language and these are the Nativism and Child Talk model of Chapman et al. (1992). In the child talk theory the child’s needs will enable him to formulate speech based on his past experiences. Nature or rationalist theory is based on the followingRead MoreThe Pursuit Of Truth And Knowledge Essay2371 Words   |  10 PagesEnlightenment was characterized by the abandonment of age-old dogma in favor of a new way of thinking (Greenblatt and Abrams 2182-85). The scientific method, developed by Francis Bacon, had opened up several avenues for discovery and paved the way for empiricism, a prominent aspect of the era’s intellectual movement (Greenblatt and Abrams 2182-85). Among the greatest philosophers of the seventeenth century, John Locke is remembered as the most influential liberal philosopher to date. His contributions to

Theme of Growing up in Spies by Michael Frayn Essay

How does the author Michael Frayn discuss the theme of growing up? The theme of growing up is just one of many in the novel Spies. Frayn shows us Keith and Stephen?s coming of age throughout the book. There are numerous ways in which Frayn chooses to illustrate how the two young boys mature within their sexuality, maturity and general understanding in various ways. The reader is given a deep insight on the hardships, excitement and incomprehensions of childhood and how the boys mature to conquer it, making the reader in return remember similar aspects of their childhood. You become drawn in by the cleverly conceived and intricately executed storyline. It becomes clear when the boys begin to grow up as time goes on as the secrets are†¦show more content†¦he responds by ?thrashing about like a beached fish? in an attempt to recover it while urgently bellowing ?NO?. He realises that if he never brought her here, this would have never happened, but thus is a result of his actions and his newly formed daring and adventurous personality. During h is time with Barbara, in a shock to the audience, Stephen experiences his first kiss with her as ?she leans forward? towards his lips and thus consequently taking a few steps further out of childhood and establishing maturity with his new found taste for the opposite sex and participation in sexual activity. The thought of Stephen being involved with these kinds of doings during the earlier stages of the book would have been purposterous. A little after that he experiences his first cigarette which is iconic for adult life and denotes maturity. The thought of an under aged minor smoking is seen as an attempt to enter early adulthood and just sheer disobedience and lack of respect for the law and his parents wishes. Yet another way in which he is growing up and rebelling to a certain extent. Stephen also experiences growing up by entering a new stage of nobility and courage. When Keith?s father demands him to hand over the basket he remains ?silent? while perplexedly ?looking at the floor?. He himself realises near impossible revelation and instatement of nobility as he acknowledges that this is ?the bravest and mostShow MoreRelatedMichael Frayn Spies Essay1337 Words   |  6 PagesSpies Coursework Essay Michael Frayn’s method of shifting between past and present while narrating the novel Spies makes the story more engaging and more moving for the reader. He is able to effectively portray the innocence of childhood through narrating as an old man looking back at himself growing up in WWII and as a young boy living at the time. Frayn also uses shifts between past and present to better employ certain key themes such as withholding information, which is able to enhance how engaging

Conglomerate free essay sample

Materials manager at Captiva Conglomerate, A1 Carpenter, is holding a meeting with his Inventory and Spares manager, Sam, his Supply manager, Aaron, vice president of Operations, Jason, vice president of Finance, Monica, and director of Information Technology, Jana, to discuss the contract with SOS for an inventory management and spare parts management system. Sam, from Inventory and Spares, believes the spare parts system is not useable for him and his personnel, plus the delivery of the system is four months behind schedule. The information technology department believes the system works great from the perspective of Jim. The inventory management system is 10 months behind schedule and repercussions towards the supplier are minimal due to a lenient and poorly written contract, which stated verbiage such as best efforts and whenever possible. The contract with SOS has used the entirety of the $1 M allotted, even though the supplier has accepted 17 unpriced change orders. Jason, from Operations, specifies that the new system ould provide him better support, uptime, and cut inventory while providing improved support. We will write a custom essay sample on Conglomerate or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The question about who wrote the specification for the contracts is brought up and it is pointed out by Aaron, from Supply, that they were drafted by the supplier and initialed by Jana, from Information Technology Can Captiva Conglomerate produce better written and produced specifications, solving the problem of poorly written contracts, by implementing cross functional teams integrated by the pertinent members of all areas of the organization involved in the respective procurement? Best Solution: Establish a multi-functional team to include the purchasing manager, finance, a legal representative, IT, operations, and inventory spares to come up with a plan and strategy to definitize and clear up the SOS contract requirements. After this is ccomplished, re-engage with SOS to establish the new clear path for moving forward through a new agreement in order to achieve the deliverables needed by Captiva. Immediately following, a standard operating procedure would be created to establish guidance on putting together multifunctional teams for any major acquisition. Advantages: Clearing up the requirement documents will help Captive achieve the desired results it was looking for through the contract with SOS. This approach will also help establish a firm and final price for the deliverables needed. Involving all epartments in the acquisition process aids in establishing realistic lead times, improved specification writing, and proper financial planning. Creating a standard operating procedure will avoid the mistakes of the SOS contract in the future. Multifunctional teams create an environment of efficiency and effectiveness for solving large problems or tackling complex large requirements. Disadvantages: Addi tional time, resources, and cost will be incurred to clear the mess Captiva currently has. The contract with SOS will require additional funding in order to eceive the final deliverables. Additional coordination with other departments will require additional effort. There is always risk in trying to enter a new agreement with SOS and resistance could be encountered without a guaranteed result. Alternate Solution: Establish a new training on the approach towards new acquisitions and who should be involved in the process. Centralize the procurement process in Captiva, as it seems that the acquisition of the system through SOS was done solely by the Information Technology department and the president. Provide additional funding to the SOS contract in an attempt to finalize it. Advantages: New conditions will improve the writing of specifications and statements of work. The centralization of purchasing will produce specialization and better accountability of procurements. The current goal is still to receive both deliverables from SOS, while maintaining a good working relationship. Disadvantages: Cost of completing the contract will continue to increase as no set path to fixing it has been established. Time and cost of establishing a new training program

Consider the Iintroduction of Privacy Laws

Question: Discuss about the Consider the introduction of privacy laws at both the federal and provincial levels and the restrictions and controls this imposes on business. Does this place an unreasonable burden on business? Answer: Comment: Privacy is one of the important aspects to Canadians. With advancement of technology, business organizations focus to collect, store, transfer or disclose information about the customers more frequently as compared to previous years. To accumulate more personal information has certainly increased more risks to the organizations which are doing their business operations in Canada (DBIC, 2015). In the present scenario of social media, global networking, cloud computing or data flow, frequent security breaches related to data or identity theft is making headlines in countries like Canada. This indicates that public or policy concerns can be reduced by adopting appropriate privacy protection. Federal: In Canada, PIPEDA act (Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act) is used in private businesses that regulate to collect, disclose and use the personal information of the customers. The organization which works under federal business has limited access to personal information of the employee under the PIPEDA. The compliance of this law is more reasonable in circumstances where organizations collect, disclose or use personal information for particular purposes (Flaherty, 2014).This law is not applicable in case of provinces that legislates privacy according to federal government. In Canada, the organizations which are operate on international or interprovincial basis needs to regulate their business under both federal as well as provincial privacy legislation. Provincial: Quebec, Alberta and B.C. provinces in Canada have also enacted with privacy legislation according to PIPA act (Personal Information Protection Act) that focuses to protect personal information of the individuals in private sector. These laws are quite similar to PIPEDA act but some difference is still in this provincial legislation. This law is generally applicable in all private organizations regarding the collection, disclosure and use of individuals personal information and not with business operations only (Malcolmson et al, 2016).Quebec privacy act is also applicable in private sector for collection, disclosure and use of personal information. These laws, in a certain way, restrict the business operations of private organization in Canada and cannot use personal information of individual to enhance their commercial activities. References: DBIC (2015). Privacy law. Retrieved from: https://gowlingwlg.com/GowlingWLG/media/Canada/Guides/DBIC-2015-PRIVACY-O.pdf Flaherty, D. (2014). Protecting privacy in surveillance societies: The federal republic of Germany, Sweden, France, Canada, and the United States. USA: UNC Press Books. Malcolmson, P., Myers, R., Baier, G. and Bateman, T. (2016). The Canadian regime: An introduction to parliamentary government in Canada. Canada: University of Toronto Press.